Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood plasma, forms urine, and regulates the composition of body fluids.

Question 2

A patient with chronic hypertension is at risk for which of the following kidney pathologies, and why?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular rupture and scarring, because high blood pressure damages the filtration membrane.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP - (OP + CP)$$

Question 4

Which hormone is released in response to dehydration and acts to increase water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

A person stranded at sea drinks salt water. What is the physiological consequence and why?

Accepted Answer

They will become dehydrated because the kidneys must excrete excess salt, leading to water loss.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

To increase blood pressure in the glomerulus and promote filtration.

Question 7

Which of the following substances is NOT normally found in significant amounts in the urine of a healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 8

A patient presents with hematuria and proteinuria after a boxing match. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Kidney trauma resulting in damage to the filtration membrane

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and water retention, decreasing urine volume.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → PCT → nephron loop → DCT → collecting duct

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the medullary portion of the collecting duct is more permeable to water than to NaCl?

Accepted Answer

It enables the concentration of urine by reabsorbing water in response to ADH.

Question 12

A patient with diabetes insipidus is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria due to ADH hyposecretion

Question 13

Which of the following is the main nitrogenous waste product of amino acid catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of caffeine on the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

It dilates the afferent arteriole, increasing GFR and urine output.

Question 15

Which of the following is a likely cause of kidney stones (renal calculi)?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration and frequent urinary tract infections

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why females are more prone to urinary tract infections (UTIs) than males?

Accepted Answer

Females have a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) if you know the amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = \frac{	ext{Volume of filtrate}}{	ext{Time}}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They reabsorb water and solutes from the renal tubule back into the blood.

Question 19

A patient with a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level significantly above normal is most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Renal failure, leading to accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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