Question 1

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased temperature on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Accepted Answer

It shifts the curve to the right, decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Question 2

A patient with chronic bronchitis is likely to experience which of the following symptoms due to excess mucus production and airway obstruction?

Accepted Answer

Dyspnea, frequent infections, and hypoventilation

Question 3

Which equation represents the formation of bicarbonate ions from carbon dioxide in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 4

During exercise, which neural factor is NOT involved in the abrupt increase in ventilation?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood pH due to hyperventilation

Question 5

What is the primary mechanism by which carbon monoxide poisoning causes hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with much greater affinity than oxygen, preventing oxygen transport.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the Haldane effect is correct?

Accepted Answer

The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood.

Question 7

Which of the following is a consequence of slow, shallow breathing?

Accepted Answer

Increase in blood CO2 and drop in pH

Question 8

A person at high altitude experiences a decline in PO2. Which physiological response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Minute ventilation increases to compensate for lower PO2.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why hemoglobin releases more oxygen in metabolically active tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increased temperature, PCO2, and H+ decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Question 10

Which group of neurons in the medulla is primarily responsible for generating the basic rhythm of breathing?

Accepted Answer

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Question 11

What is the effect of a substantial drop in arterial PO2 (below 60 mm Hg) on ventilation?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of the chloride shift?

Accepted Answer

Cl– moves into RBCs as HCO3– moves out during CO2 transport in systemic capillaries.

Question 13

Which formula represents the Bohr effect, where increased CO2 and H+ weaken the Hb-O2 bond?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{$$HbO_2$$ + H^+ \rightarrow HHb + O_2$}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a type of hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Hypercapnic hypoxia

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperventilation on blood gases?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood CO2 (hypocapnia) and respiratory alkalosis

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system in blood?

Accepted Answer

It helps blood resist changes in pH by removing excess H+ or releasing H+ as needed.

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely consequence of obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness and increased risk of chronic illnesses

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the development of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

The laryngotracheal bud is present by week 5 of embryonic development.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for why a patient with emphysema may develop a barrel chest?

Accepted Answer

Trapped air causes hyperinflation, flattening the diaphragm and expanding the chest.

Transport and Regulation of Respiratory Gases, and Respiratory System Disorders

Study Guide - Practice Questions