Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of water and dissolved substances from plasma due to hydrostatic pressure

Question 2

A patient presents with glucose in their urine. Which renal process and concept best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The glucose concentration in the filtrate exceeded the transport maximum (Tm) for glucose reabsorption

Question 3

Which hormone increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct to water, resulting in more concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

What is the main effect of angiotensin II on the renal system during low systemic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

It constricts the efferent arteriole, increasing glomerular pressure to help maintain GFR

Question 5

Which of the following structures is responsible for the active reabsorption of sodium ions and the secretion of potassium ions under the influence of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 6

A drug is bound to plasma proteins and cannot be filtered at the glomerulus. How is this drug most likely eliminated from the body?

Accepted Answer

It is secreted into the tubular fluid by active transport in the renal tubule

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

To increase the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus, facilitating filtration

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → lobar artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → cortical radiate artery

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 10

A patient is dehydrated and has a high plasma osmolarity. Which hormone will be released to correct this, and what is its effect on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

ADH; increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Accepted Answer

It secretes erythropoietin and renin, regulating blood pressure and red blood cell production

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

It consists of fenestrated endothelium, a basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits

Question 13

Which process is primarily responsible for the removal of hydrogen ions (H⁺) from the blood to help regulate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys are able to produce concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

The presence of juxtamedullary nephrons with long loops of Henle and vasa recta

Question 15

A patient with a mutation that decreases the number of aquaporins in the collecting duct would most likely present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Large volumes of dilute urine

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on hydrostatic and osmotic pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = K_f 	imes [(P_{GC} - P_{BC}) - (\pi_{GC} - \pi_{BC})]$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, decreasing GFR and conserving water

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of nephron segment and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Descending limb of loop of Henle: reabsorption of water by osmosis

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why carrier-mediated transport in the nephron can reach a maximum rate?

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins are saturated when all binding sites are occupied, defining the transport maximum (Tm)

Urinary System: Structure and Function

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