$$\text{NFP} = \text{HP}_{\text{gc}} - (\text{HP}_{\text{cs}} + \text{OP}_{\text{gc}})$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood to produce a cell- and protein-free filtrate.

Question 2

A patient presents with glucose in their urine. Which renal process has most likely reached its transport maximum (Tm)?

Accepted Answer

Tubular reabsorption

Question 3

Which equation correctly calculates the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NFP} = 	ext{HP}_{	ext{gc}} - (	ext{HP}_{	ext{cs}} + 	ext{OP}_{	ext{gc}})$$

Question 4

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by increasing the number of aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 5

A patient with chronic hypertension is at risk for which of the following kidney-related complications?

Accepted Answer

Chronic renal disease due to decreased GFR

Question 6

Which of the following structures is responsible for sensing NaCl concentration in the filtrate and regulating GFR via tubuloglomerular feedback?

Accepted Answer

Macula densa cells

Question 7

If a patient is dehydrated, which of the following changes would you expect in their urine?

Accepted Answer

Urine volume decreases and osmolality increases to ~1200 mOsm

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney, starting from the renal artery?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why proteins are not normally found in the filtrate of a healthy nephron?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are too large to pass through the filtration membrane.

Question 10

A patient is given a drug that inhibits the Na+-K+ ATPase pump in the proximal convoluted tubule. What is the most likely effect on renal function?

Accepted Answer

Decreased reabsorption of sodium and water

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the peritubular capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of water and solutes from the renal tubule

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Question 13

A patient with a renal clearance value (C) of 0 for a particular substance most likely has which of the following occurring?

Accepted Answer

The substance is not filtered or is completely reabsorbed.

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a kidney stone blocking the ureter?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of infection and pain due to urine backflow

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It maintains the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla.

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely be found in the urine of a patient with untreated diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

High levels of glucose

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for renal clearance (C)?

Accepted Answer

$$C = \frac{U 	imes V}{P}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely effect of a diet high in protein on urine pH?

Accepted Answer

Urine pH decreases (becomes more acidic)

Question 19

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the juxtamedullary nephron compared to the cortical nephron?

Accepted Answer

It has a long nephron loop that extends deep into the medulla.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a normal component of urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Urinary System: Structure and Function

Study Guide - Practice Questions