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Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 definitions

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  • Cytosolic NADH
    Electron carrier generated during glycolysis, whose mitochondrial entry route determines ATP yield.
  • Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttle
    Pathway transferring electrons from cytosolic NADH to FAD, bypassing complex I and yielding fewer ATP.
  • Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
    Mechanism moving electrons from cytosolic NADH into mitochondria via reversible conversions and antiporters.
  • Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
    Peripheral mitochondrial enzyme facilitating electron transfer from NADH to FAD, bypassing complex I.
  • FADH2
    Reduced flavin molecule formed in the shuttle, donating electrons to ubiquinone in the electron transport chain.
  • Ubiquinone
    Lipid-soluble electron carrier in the mitochondrial membrane, receiving electrons from FADH2.
  • Complex I
    Electron transport chain component normally accepting NADH electrons and pumping protons for ATP synthesis.
  • Complex III
    Electron transport chain protein receiving electrons from ubiquinone, contributing to proton gradient formation.
  • Oxaloacetate
    Four-carbon molecule interconverted with malate and aspartate during the shuttle, central to the citric acid cycle.
  • Malate
    Intermediate formed from oxaloacetate, transported into mitochondria and reoxidized to regenerate NADH.
  • Aspartate
    Amino acid produced from oxaloacetate, shuttled across mitochondrial membranes in electron transfer.
  • Glutamate
    Amino acid donating its amino group to oxaloacetate, forming aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate.
  • Alpha-Ketoglutarate
    Citric acid cycle intermediate exchanged with malate and involved in amino group transfer during the shuttle.
  • Antiporter
    Membrane protein exchanging two molecules across the mitochondrial membrane, crucial for shuttle operation.
  • Protonmotive Force
    Electrochemical gradient generated by electron transport chain, driving ATP synthesis in mitochondria.