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Phosphorylation definitions

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  • Phosphorylation
    Covalent attachment of a phosphate group to a protein, altering its activity and conformation for regulation.
  • Post-translational modification
    Chemical alteration of proteins after synthesis, impacting their function, stability, or localization.
  • Phosphate group
    Negatively charged chemical moiety added to proteins, increasing polarity and enabling charge interactions.
  • ATP
    High-energy molecule with three phosphate groups, commonly donating a phosphate during protein modification.
  • ADP
    Molecule formed after ATP loses a phosphate group, containing two phosphates and lower energy.
  • Kinase
    Enzyme catalyzing the addition of phosphate groups to proteins, often using ATP as a co-substrate.
  • Phosphatase
    Enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from proteins, reversing regulatory modifications.
  • Serine
    Amino acid with a hydroxyl group, frequently targeted for phosphate attachment in eukaryotic cells.
  • Threonine
    Amino acid possessing a hydroxyl group, commonly modified by phosphorylation in proteins.
  • Tyrosine
    Amino acid with a hydroxyl group, susceptible to phosphorylation, affecting protein activity.
  • Histidine
    Amino acid occasionally phosphorylated, mainly in prokaryotes and plants, less so in humans.
  • Phosphoprotein
    Protein that has undergone phosphorylation, often playing a role in cellular regulation.
  • Hydroxyl group
    Functional group in certain amino acids, replaced by phosphate during phosphorylation.
  • Polarity
    Property increased in amino acids after phosphate addition, influencing protein conformation.
  • Conformation
    Three-dimensional shape of a protein, altered by phosphorylation to regulate function.