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Practice: Oxidative Phosphorylation 3 definitions

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  • Reactive Oxygen Species
    Highly reactive molecules formed during electron transport, capable of damaging cellular components if not neutralized.
  • Superoxide Radical
    An oxygen-derived molecule with an extra electron, produced in mitochondria and requiring detoxification.
  • Hydrogen Peroxide
    A byproduct of superoxide conversion, further reduced to water to prevent oxidative stress in cells.
  • Superoxide Dismutase
    An enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of superoxide radicals into less harmful hydrogen peroxide.
  • Glutathione Peroxidase
    An enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide to water, using glutathione as a substrate.
  • Glutathione
    A cellular antioxidant required for detoxifying hydrogen peroxide, regenerated by NADPH.
  • NADPH
    A reducing agent generated in metabolic pathways, essential for restoring glutathione after oxidation.
  • Standard Redox Potential
    A measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons, crucial for electron transport calculations.
  • Electron Transport
    A mitochondrial process where electrons move through complexes, generating energy for ATP synthesis.
  • NADH
    A molecule that donates electrons at the start of mitochondrial electron transport, driving energy production.
  • Cytochrome a1
    A component of complex IV in mitochondria, involved in electron transfer and energy release.
  • Cytochrome a3
    A terminal electron acceptor in complex IV, facilitating reduction of oxygen to water.
  • Complex IV
    The final protein complex in mitochondrial electron transport, responsible for oxygen reduction and energy release.
  • Gibbs Free Energy Change
    The thermodynamic quantity indicating the energy available from electron transfer, calculated using redox potentials.
  • Faraday's Constant
    A physical constant representing the charge per mole of electrons, used in energy calculations for electron transport.