Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules could be synthesized from inorganic compounds, thus disproving the theory of vitalism?

Accepted Answer

Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 3

Which of the following elements are most abundant in living cells and are often referred to as 'CHNOPS'?

Accepted Answer

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Question 4

Which statement about enzymes is correct based on Eduard Buchner's experiment?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes can catalyze reactions outside of living cells.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A carboxyl group

Question 6

What is the correct formula for the free energy change ($$\Delta G) of a $$reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why lipids are insoluble in water?

Accepted Answer

They are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, making them nonpolar.

Question 8

A protein has a relative molecular mass ($$M_r) of 38$$,000. If the average amino acid residue has a mass of 110 Da, approximately how many amino acids does this protein contain?

Accepted Answer

About 345

Question 9

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger in volume than prokaryotic cells.

Question 10

Which functional group is present in all amino acids?

Accepted Answer

A carboxylate group ($$-COO^-)$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are the main sites of energy transduction in aerobic cells.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a nitrogenous base with its classification?

Accepted Answer

Guanine – Purine

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the discovery of nucleic acids was a breakthrough in biochemistry?

Accepted Answer

They were identified as the molecules responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Question 14

Which of the following is a polymer composed of saccharide monomers?

Accepted Answer

Polysaccharide

Question 15

Which organelle is responsible for sorting and modifying biomolecules in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and facilitates movement.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the energetics of life is correct?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthetic organisms convert sunlight into organic compounds, which provide energy for all organisms.

Question 18

Which of the following is a trace element commonly found in living cells?

Accepted Answer

Iron (Fe)

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplasts capture light energy to make organic molecules, while mitochondria generate ATP from those molecules.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between a Fischer projection and a cyclic representation of a sugar?

Accepted Answer

Cyclic representations show the ring structure formed by intramolecular reactions, while Fischer projections show the linear form.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biochemistry – Principles, Molecules, and Cells

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