AP Bio Unit 21 Flashcards

Alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism that can result from errors during DNA replication or environmental factors.

The differences in DNA sequences between individuals within a population, providing the raw material upon which natural selection can act.

The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).

The rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms.

The process where different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

The process of combining the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg) to form a single cell called a zygote.

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual organism, determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.

The genetic constitution of an individual organism, representing the specific set of alleles inherited for a particular trait.

An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene.

An organism that has two different alleles for a particular gene.

The total collection of all the genes and their different alleles within an interbreeding population.

The proportion of a specific allele among all allele copies at a certain locus within a population, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.

The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, based on the principles of segregation and independent assortment.

The mathematical formula used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.

The ability of an organism to retrieve and access stored information from the brain's memory systems.

The proportion of a particular genotype among all individuals within a population.

The state in which a population's allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

An ideal situation in which every individual in a population has an equal chance of mating with any other individual of the opposite sex, ensuring that mate choice is not influenced by genotypes or phenotypes.

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium where the DNA sequence remains unchanged, ensuring that no new alleles are introduced into the gene pool.

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium where all individuals have an equal probability of survival and reproduction, ensuring that no specific traits provide a selective advantage that would alter allele frequencies over time.

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium where the population is large enough that allele frequencies do not change from generation to generation due to chance events or genetic drift.

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium where no individuals or gametes enter or leave the population, ensuring allele frequencies are not altered by migration.

A situation where the probability of two individuals mating is not equal for all pair combinations in a population, often because mate choice is influenced by specific phenotypes or genotypes.

The production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.

inbreeding depression

The reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding, often caused by the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles.

A mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.

A mode of natural selection in which the intermediate phenotype is favored and extreme phenotypes are selected against, reducing genetic diversity and maintaining the status quo for a particular trait.

A mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values, often leading to the population being divided into two distinct groups.

The process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which individual animals or plants will typically reproduce and have offspring together.

A mode of natural selection that favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

A mode of natural selection that favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

A type of natural selection where the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population, typically divided into positive or negative frequency-dependence.

A type of balancing selection in which individuals who are heterozygous at a particular gene locus have greater fitness than both types of homozygotes.

A mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the other sex (intrasexual selection).

The systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species, including differences in size, color, markings, or secondary sexual characteristics like manes or antlers.

A form of sexual selection, often called mate choice, where individuals of one sex (usually females) choose mates from among the members of the opposite sex based on specific traits or behaviors.

A form of sexual selection involving competition between members of the same sex (usually males) for access to mates, often resulting in the evolution of physical weaponry or aggressive behaviors.

The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events—such as earthquakes, floods, fires, or droughts—or human activities, which limits genetic diversity in the surviving population.

A change in the DNA sequence that produces a new or altered trait that increases an organism's fitness, enhancing its chances of survival and reproduction within its environment.

A change in the DNA sequence that neither benefits nor harms an organism's ability to survive and reproduce, often occurring in non-coding regions or resulting in the same amino acid during protein synthesis.

A change in the DNA sequence that decreases an organism's fitness by disrupting the normal function of a gene, often leading to genetic disorders, reduced fertility, or a lower chance of survival.

A type of mutation that involves changes in the structure or number of entire chromosomes, rather than small-scale changes to individual DNA bases.

A genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence.

The non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes, occurring across species boundaries rather than from parent to offspring.

A mutation that lowers the fitness of an individual, reducing its chances of survival or reproductive success.