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General Biology Unit 2 Review

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  • ATP yield: fermentation vs respiration
    Fermentation produces 2 ATP while aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP.
  • What drives ATP synthase to produce ATP?
    ATP synthase harnesses energy from a hydrogen gradient to catalyze ATP production.
  • Which molecule does not supply high energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
    ATP does not supply high energy electrons; NADH, FADH2, Photosystem I and II do.
  • Processes occurring in mitochondria
    The Citric Acid Cycle and pyruvate decarboxylation occur in mitochondria; glycolysis and fermentation do not.
  • Pyruvate is converted into what to enter the citric acid cycle?
    Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle.
  • Correct equation for cellular respiration
    C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O represents cellular respiration.
  • End product of glycolysis
    Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
  • Water donates an electron to which photosystem?
    Water donates an electron to Photosystem II, causing it to split into oxygen and hydrogen.
  • Product of the Calvin cycle
    The Calvin cycle produces Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
  • Products of photosynthetic light reactions
    Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH.
  • First step in the Calvin cycle (dark reactions)
    The first step is carbon fixation.
  • Which molecule is not produced during photosynthesis?
    CO2 is not produced; G3P, ATP, O2, and NADPH are produced.
  • Location of photosynthetic pigments
    Photosynthetic pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane.
  • Why do C4 and CAM plants fix CO2 to a 4-carbon molecule first?
    To prevent drying out on hot days by efficiently fixing CO2.
  • During anaphase in mitosis, what happens?
    During anaphase, sister chromatids separate.
  • What does the G1 checkpoint check for?
    It checks for growth factors, nutrient levels, and cell size before division.
  • Where do spindle fibers attach on chromosomes during mitosis?
    Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore.
  • During which mitosis phase does the nucleus break down?
    The nucleus breaks down during prophase.
  • When does crossing over occur in meiosis?
    Crossing over occurs during Prophase I.
  • What is cytokinesis?
    Cytokinesis is when the cell pinches into two daughter cells.
  • What forms spindle fibers during cell division?
    The centrosomes form spindle fibers.
  • If egg cells have 10 chromosomes, what is the diploid number?
    The diploid number is 20 chromosomes.
  • Relationship of two copies of chromosome one in a diploid cell
    They are homologous chromosomes.
  • Cause of Down syndrome
    Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21.
  • Phase of meiosis when independent assortment occurs
    Independent assortment occurs during Metaphase I.
  • Genotype of a human gamete for genes A, B, and C
    A human gamete genotype is AbC (one allele per gene).
  • Inheritance pattern: disorder equally in men and women, skipping generations
    This suggests an autosomal recessive disorder.