Q: Which equation correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria?

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that all presently living cells share a common origin?

Accepted Answer

All cells use DNA as their genetic material and share similar molecular machinery for replication and protein synthesis.

Question 2

Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for cells?

Accepted Answer

It limits the rate at which substances can enter or leave the cell, affecting nutrient uptake and waste removal.

Question 3

As a cell grows larger, what usually happens to its surface area to volume ratio?

Accepted Answer

It decreases.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

Accepted Answer

TEM passes electrons through thin sections to reveal internal structures, while SEM scans the surface to produce 3D-like images.

Question 5

During cell fractionation, which step is responsible for separating cellular components based on their density?

Accepted Answer

Centrifugation at increasing speeds.

Question 6

Which of the following statements correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are smaller.

Question 7

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins that are destined for secretion from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 8

A mutation disrupts the function of nuclear pores in a cell. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the cisternal maturation model of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Golgi cisternae themselves move from the cis to the trans face, carrying and modifying cargo as they mature.

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing ATP

Question 12

Which cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin and is essential for chromosome movement during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 13

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for degrading damaged organelles and macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 14

According to the endosymbiont theory, which of the following is evidence that mitochondria originated from free-living bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria contain circular DNA similar to bacterial chromosomes.

Question 15

A scientist isolates a cell with the following features: a cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a nucleus. What type of cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Typical plant cell

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of integrins in the animal cell extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Accepted Answer

They anchor the cell to the ECM by connecting the cytoskeleton to ECM proteins like fibronectin.

Question 17

Which of the following organelles is most directly involved in detoxification of harmful substances in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

Which process is most likely to be impaired if a cell's microtubules are disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances using hydrogen peroxide.

Question 20

A protein destined for the plasma membrane is synthesized in the rough ER. What is the correct sequence of organelles it passes through before reaching its final destination?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Plasma membrane

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