Question 1

Which of the following is the correct order of stages during vertebrate embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Fertilization $$\rightarrow$$ Cleavage $$\rightarrow$$ Gastrulation $$\rightarrow$$ Neurulation $$\rightarrow$$ Cell migration

Question 2

During gastrulation, the most important outcome is the formation of:

Accepted Answer

germ layers

Question 3

Failure to close the neural tube at the caudal (tail) end during neurulation leads to which condition?

Accepted Answer

spina bifida

Question 4

Which process directly depends on gastrulation?

Accepted Answer

neurulation

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a primary driver of morphogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 6

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells, and what determines which cells respond?

Accepted Answer

They are carried everywhere in the bloodstream, and only cells with the appropriate receptor respond.

Question 7

Which of the following is a water-soluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 8

What is the main difference in signal transduction between water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Water-soluble hormones bind to cell surface receptors, while lipid-soluble hormones bind to intracellular receptors.

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and targets the kidney tubules?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

A patient with chronic stress is likely to have elevated levels of which hormone due to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of glucocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Suppress the immune system

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH?

Accepted Answer

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death

Question 14

Which structure forms as a result of neurulation?

Accepted Answer

Neural tube

Question 15

Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 16

Which gland is considered the 'command center' of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of mineralocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Cause kidneys to retain salts and water

Question 19

Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure and acts to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of tropic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They trigger the release of other hormones from endocrine glands.

Animal Development and Neuroendocrine Systems: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions