Q: A neuron at rest has a membrane potential of approximately $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}. $$Which ions are primarily responsible for maintaining this resting potential?

Potassium (K\textsuperscript{+}) and sodium (Na\textsuperscript{+})

Question 1

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 2

A patient has a tumor that destroys the adrenal cortex. Which hormone would you expect to be most directly affected, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; regulates metabolism and stress response

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between internal and external fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Internal fertilization involves the fusion of gametes inside the female body, while external fertilization involves gametes fusing outside the body.

Question 4

During the ovarian cycle, a surge in which hormone triggers ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 5

Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of sperm?

Accepted Answer

Testis

Question 6

Which of the following correctly matches a germ layer with a structure derived from it?

Accepted Answer

Mesoderm – heart

Question 7

A neuron at rest has a membrane potential of approximately $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}. $$Which ions are primarily responsible for maintaining this resting potential?

Accepted Answer

Potassium (K	extsuperscript{+}) and sodium (Na	extsuperscript{+})

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the role of myelin in the conduction of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Myelin increases the speed of action potential conduction by allowing saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the path of sperm from production to ejaculation?

Accepted Answer

Testis → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

Question 11

Which extraembryonic membrane is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the developing embryo of birds and reptiles?

Accepted Answer

Chorion

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 13

Which type of skeleton is found in earthworms and is characterized by fluid-filled compartments?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic skeleton

Question 14

A person is startled by a loud noise, causing increased heart rate and pupil dilation. Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for these responses?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Produces releasing hormones that control the pituitary gland

Question 16

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by high levels of progesterone and preparation of the endometrium for possible implantation?

Accepted Answer

Luteal phase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Oogenesis produces one functional gamete per meiosis, while spermatogenesis produces four.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of events in hearing, from sound wave entry to signal transmission to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Tympanic membrane vibrates → ossicles move → cochlear fluid moves → hair cells bend → auditory nerve transmits signal

Question 19

Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in body position and movement, and is found in the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

Mechanoreceptor

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the corpus callosum in the human brain?

Accepted Answer

Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Animal Form and Function II: Endocrine, Reproductive, Nervous, Sensory, and Muscular Systems

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