Q: Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \to \text{RNA} \to \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 2

A researcher observes a cell with a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Which term best describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

Haploid

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males than in females?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele will cause the disorder.

Question 4

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 5

A plant breeder crosses two true-breeding pea plants, one with purple flowers (PP) and one with white flowers (pp). All offspring in the F1 generation have purple flowers. If two F1 plants are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$

Question 6

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT contribute to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

Accepted Answer

Replication of DNA during S phase

Question 7

A woman with type AB blood and a man with type O blood have a child. What are the possible blood types for their child?

Accepted Answer

Type A or Type B

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} 	o 	ext{RNA} 	o 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 9

A cell is observed to have a cleavage furrow forming. What process is this cell undergoing?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis in an animal cell

Question 10

Which of the following mutations would most likely result in a nonfunctional protein?

Accepted Answer

A nonsense mutation

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with Down Syndrome. Which chromosomal abnormality is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Question 12

Which process results in the formation of four genetically unique haploid cells from a single diploid cell?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively from the mother?

Accepted Answer

Sperm mitochondria are typically destroyed after fertilization.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Relieving strain ahead of the replication fork

Question 15

A geneticist is studying a trait controlled by multiple genes, each contributing a small additive effect to the phenotype. Which inheritance pattern is this?

Accepted Answer

Polygenic inheritance

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumors do not invade nearby tissues; malignant tumors can spread to other parts of the body.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is universal, with few exceptions across organisms.

Question 18

A mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{UAC} ($$tyrosine) to $$	ext{UAA} ($$stop codon). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 20

A cell is unable to produce functional DNA ligase. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Joining of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

BIO 101 Exam 3 Study Guide: The Cell Cycle, Meiosis, Mendelian Genetics, Chromosomal Inheritance, Molecular Genetics, and Gene Expression

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