Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between homology and analogy in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

Homology refers to traits inherited from a common ancestor, while analogy refers to traits that arise independently in unrelated lineages due to similar selective pressures.

Question 2

A scientist is constructing a phylogenetic tree and identifies a group of organisms that share a recent common ancestor but not all descendants of that ancestor are included. What type of group is this?

Accepted Answer

Paraphyletic group

Question 3

Which of the following statements about Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and lack an outer membrane, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics like penicillin are generally more effective against Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that is targeted by penicillin, and they lack the protective outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The presence of wings in bats and birds, which evolved independently for flight.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes secondary endosymbiosis?

Accepted Answer

A eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that already contains endosymbiotic organelles, leading to complex plastids.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a major mode of nutrition found in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches a major eukaryotic group with a defining characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Animals: lack cell walls and are multicellular heterotrophs

Question 9

Which of the following plant groups is characterized by seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary (naked seeds)?

Accepted Answer

Gymnosperms

Question 10

In the alternation of generations in plants, which structure produces haploid spores by meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Sporophyte

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a heterosporous plant?

Accepted Answer

It produces two types of spores: megaspores (female) and microspores (male).

Question 12

Which structure in a flower is responsible for producing pollen grains?

Accepted Answer

Anther

Question 13

Which of the following is a major ecological role of fungi?

Accepted Answer

Decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling

Question 14

Which of the following correctly describes the basic fungal reproductive cycle?

Accepted Answer

Fungi alternate between haploid and diploid stages, with plasmogamy and karyogamy as key events.

Question 15

Which of the following is a structure unique to bacteria and not found in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 16

A botanist discovers a plant that produces flowers, has vascular tissue, and forms seeds enclosed in fruit. To which group does this plant belong?

Accepted Answer

Angiosperms

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between sister taxa on a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

They share a most recent common ancestor not shared by any other group.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the nutritional modes of eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Some eukaryotes are mixotrophs, capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.

Question 19

Which of the following correctly matches a plant structure with its function?

Accepted Answer

Anther: produces pollen

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between mega- and microspores in seed plants?

Accepted Answer

Megaspores develop into female gametophytes, while microspores develop into male gametophytes.

BIO 111 Exam 3 Review: Phylogeny, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Plants, and Fungi

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