Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation supported by a large body of evidence, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction or explanation.

Question 2

A neutral atom of carbon has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12. How many neutrons does it contain?

Accepted Answer

$$6$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule.

Question 4

Which functional group is correctly matched with its structure and typical function?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group: $$-PO_4$^{2-}$$; important in energy transfer, such as in ATP.

Question 5

Which process is responsible for breaking down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides, and what molecule is required for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis; water

Question 6

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. What is the most likely outcome for the cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink as water leaves the cells.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NADH serves as an electron carrier, transporting electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion: ATP production through cellular respiration

Question 9

During DNA replication, why is the lagging strand synthesized in short fragments?

Accepted Answer

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end, resulting in Okazaki fragments.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why sex-linked diseases are more common in human males than females?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele on the X chromosome will result in the disease.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and then translated into protein at the ribosome.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is a flexible bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and other molecules embedded throughout.

Question 13

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell. Which term best describes the solution relative to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 → S → G2 → Mitosis → Cytokinesis

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a redox reaction in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and oxygen is reduced to water.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why buffers are important in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Buffers help maintain a stable pH by absorbing excess H$$^+ or OH$^-$$ ions.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient and ATP synthase.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why meiosis results in haploid cells while mitosis does not?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division without DNA replication between them, reducing the chromosome number by half.

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