Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A theory is a broad explanation supported by extensive evidence, while a hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a specific observation.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with acidosis, meaning their blood pH is lower than normal. Which of the following best explains how a buffer system in the blood helps restore normal pH?

Accepted Answer

Buffers absorb excess hydrogen ions ($$H^+) $$when the pH is too low, raising the pH toward normal.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the structure of water ($$H_2O) $$explains why it is an excellent solvent for ionic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules are polar, allowing them to surround and separate ions due to their partial charges.

Question 4

A molecule with the formula $$C_{6}H$$_{12}$$O_{6}$ is classified as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A monosaccharide

Question 5

Which functional group is present in all amino acids and is responsible for their acidic properties?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 7

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the production of ATP through cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 8

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape that only fits specific substrate molecules.

Question 10

During cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 11

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 12

A woman who is a carrier for a sex-linked recessive disorder (X-linked) and a man who does not have the disorder have a child. What is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

50%

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the antiparallel structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

One DNA strand runs from 5' to 3', and the other runs from 3' to 5'.

Question 14

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 17

A scientist is studying a protein with a quaternary structure. Which of the following must be true about this protein?

Accepted Answer

It contains multiple polypeptide subunits that interact to form a functional protein.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It joins monomers together by removing a molecule of water.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 → S → G2 → M

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why oxygen is required for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing ATP production.

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