Question 1

Which of the following best describes a virus?

Accepted Answer

A non-cellular infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with HIV, a retrovirus. Which enzyme is crucial for the replication of this virus, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase; synthesizes DNA from an RNA template

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the lysogenic cycle of a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

A virus integrates its genome into the host DNA and remains dormant until triggered

Question 4

Which of the following best explains how some viruses can remain dormant in host cells and later reactivate?

Accepted Answer

They integrate their genetic material into the host genome, entering a latent phase

Question 5

Which of the following is a key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication?

Accepted Answer

The lysogenic cycle allows the virus to remain dormant within the host, while the lytic cycle results in immediate destruction of the host cell

Question 6

Which of the following statements about prions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prions are infectious proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases

Question 7

Which of the following best describes convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits due to similar environments

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

The wings of bats and the wings of insects

Question 9

A scientist discovers two genes in different species that originated from a common ancestral gene due to a speciation event. These genes are best described as:

Accepted Answer

Orthologous genes

Question 10

Which of the following statements about bacterial reproduction is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission

Question 11

Which process involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 12

A bacterium acquires antibiotic resistance after being infected by a bacteriophage carrying resistance genes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 13

Which of the following statements about plasmids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

Question 14

Which metabolic pathway allows some bacteria to survive in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to Archaea compared to Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Membrane lipids with ether bonds

Question 16

The theory of endosymbiosis explains the origin of which cellular structures?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 17

Which of the following best defines phylogeny?

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary history and relationships among species

Question 18

A researcher is studying two species that share a recent common ancestor. Which type of structure would best support this relationship?

Accepted Answer

Homologous structures

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the F factor in bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

The F factor is a plasmid that allows bacteria to transfer genetic material during conjugation

Question 20

A plant virus spreads from one cell to another through plasmodesmata. Which of the following best explains this process?

Accepted Answer

The virus moves directly between adjacent plant cells via cytoplasmic connections

Bio 112 Test #1 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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