Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the Casparian strip in plant roots is essential for plant survival?

Accepted Answer

It forces water and dissolved minerals to pass through the plasma membranes of endodermal cells, allowing selective uptake.

Question 2

A plant is found growing in a salty coastal environment. Which adaptation would most likely be observed in this plant to help it survive?

Accepted Answer

Development of salt-excreting glands on leaves.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between xylem and phloem in vascular plants?

Accepted Answer

Xylem transports water and minerals upward, while phloem transports organic nutrients in multiple directions.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents water potential ($$\psi) in $$plant cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\psi = \psi_s + \psi_p$$

Question 5

A plant is exposed to drought conditions. Which hormone is most likely to increase in concentration to help the plant conserve water, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Abscisic acid; induces stomatal closure.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct comparison between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants spatially separate initial CO$$_2$$ fixation and the Calvin cycle, while CAM plants temporally separate these processes.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of sieve elements in phloem tissue?

Accepted Answer

They conduct sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant.

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between monocot and eudicot (dicot) stems?

Accepted Answer

Monocot stems have vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue, while eudicot stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why capillaries cannot withstand high pressure?

Accepted Answer

They have thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, allowing for efficient exchange but low structural support.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in animal physiology?

Accepted Answer

A rise in blood glucose triggers insulin release, which lowers blood glucose levels.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of mycorrhizae in plant nutrition?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for water and mineral absorption by forming a symbiotic relationship with plant roots.

Question 12

Which of the following structures in the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and solutes back into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 13

According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, which of the following changes would increase the rate of gas exchange across a respiratory surface?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the difference in partial pressure ($$P_2$$ - $$P_1) $$across the membrane

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of double fertilization in flowering plants?

Accepted Answer

One sperm fertilizes the egg, and another sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and formation of feces

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why countercurrent heat exchangers are beneficial for some animals?

Accepted Answer

They minimize heat loss by transferring heat from outgoing arterial blood to incoming venous blood.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the diaphragm in mammalian inhalation?

Accepted Answer

It contracts and moves downward, increasing thoracic cavity volume and decreasing pressure, causing air to flow in.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the alternation of generations in plants?

Accepted Answer

The sporophyte is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why increasing the surface area to volume ratio is advantageous for cells and tissues?

Accepted Answer

It enhances the rate of exchange of materials (such as gases and nutrients) with the environment.

BIO 114: Plant and Animal Form and Function – Comprehensive Study Guide

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