Q: Which equation would you use to calculate the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring?

$$P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

It amplifies specific DNA sequences, producing millions of copies.

Question 2

A scientist wants to identify the presence of a specific gene in a sample. Which technique should they use, and what is the main principle behind it?

Accepted Answer

Southern blotting; it detects specific DNA sequences using labeled probes.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of codominance in human genetics?

Accepted Answer

A person with type AB blood expressing both A and B antigens.

Question 4

If a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia (an X-linked recessive disorder) has children with a man who does not have hemophilia, what is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

$$0.25$$

Question 5

Which process is used to separate DNA fragments by size, and what is the principle behind it?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis; DNA fragments move through a gel matrix in response to an electric field.

Question 6

A geneticist is mapping genes on a chromosome. Which of the following best describes the concept of genetic linkage?

Accepted Answer

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria in sperm are destroyed after fertilization.

Question 8

A couple has a child with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. What is the probability that their next child will also have cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

$$0.25$$

Question 9

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

A red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces pink-flowered offspring.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion or removal of genes.

Question 11

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world application of gene therapy?

Accepted Answer

Introducing a functional copy of a gene to treat cystic fibrosis.

Question 13

Which equation would you use to calculate the probability of two independent genetic events both occurring?

Accepted Answer

$$P(A 	ext{ and } B) = P(A) 	imes P(B)$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of transformation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment into a bacterial cell.

Question 15

A genetic counselor is analyzing a family pedigree for a rare X-linked dominant disorder. Which of the following patterns would you expect to see?

Accepted Answer

Affected fathers pass the trait to all daughters but no sons.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

It exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes, creating new allele combinations.

Question 17

A scientist uses a plasmid to introduce a gene for antibiotic resistance into bacteria. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between autosomal and sex-linked inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Sex-linked traits are often expressed differently in males and females due to the presence of X and Y chromosomes.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a test cross in genetics?

Accepted Answer

To determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype by crossing with a homozygous recessive.

Question 20

A woman who is heterozygous for a trait (Aa) and a man who is homozygous recessive (aa) have a child. What is the probability that the child will be homozygous recessive?

Accepted Answer

$$0.50$$

BIO 120 Final Exam Review: Genetics, Biotechnology, and Patterns of Inheritance

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