Question 1

A scientist is studying a gene with two alleles, A and a. If two heterozygous individuals (Aa) are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring, assuming complete dominance?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, while non-polar covalent bonds involve equal sharing.

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA Polymerase

Question 4

A cell with a diploid number of 8 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will each gamete contain?

Accepted Answer

$$4$$

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Providing a rigid structure to support the cell

Question 6

Which process produces the most ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Question 8

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 9

Which macromolecule is correctly paired with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide

Question 10

A population of beetles is exposed to a pesticide. Over several generations, most beetles become resistant. This is an example of which evolutionary process?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 11

Which of the following statements about mitosis and meiosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces diploid cells, while meiosis produces haploid cells.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using a proton gradient.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 14

A scientist wants to test the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. Which of the following is the best example of a controlled variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The type of plant used

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why water is a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, creating a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its function?

Accepted Answer

Proteins – catalyzing biochemical reactions

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the process of crossing over during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

It increases genetic diversity by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It creates a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while blocking others.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about gene expression in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously.

Question 20

A mutation changes a codon from UAU to UAA in an mRNA sequence. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Translation will terminate prematurely due to a stop codon.

BIOL 115 Principles of Biology: Final Exam Study Guide

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