Question 1

Which of the following elements is found in all four major classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Carbon

Question 2

A student is analyzing a molecule with the formula $\mathrm{C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}}$. Which class of macromolecule does this molecule most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 4

During the formation of a polypeptide, what type of reaction occurs between amino acids, and what is released as a byproduct?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; $\mathrm{H_{2}O}$

Question 5

A biologist observes a molecule with a long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group at one end. Which type of molecule is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acid

Question 6

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are typically solid at room temperature.

Question 7

A molecule is identified as having a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Which macromolecule is this a monomer of?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Their fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and their phosphate heads are hydrophilic.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a polymer and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide

Question 10

A mutation causes a change in the primary structure of a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose sugar, while RNA nucleotides contain ribose sugar.

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder that prevents the breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Which process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why cellulose cannot be digested by humans, while starch can?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme to break the $\beta$-glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the structure of a triglyceride?

Accepted Answer

Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Question 15

A scientist is studying a molecule that contains a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group. What is this molecule?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is considered a nucleic acid derivative?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a nucleotide with three phosphate groups.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It modulates membrane fluidity and stability.

Question 18

A researcher finds a molecule with a double helix structure, containing deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. Which molecule is this?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

They join nucleotides together in the backbone of DNA and RNA.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks peptide bonds. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of proteins into amino acids

Biological Macromolecules: Structure, Function, and Classification

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