Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis breaks a polymer into monomers by adding a water molecule, while dehydration synthesis joins monomers by removing a water molecule.

Question 2

A scientist isolates a molecule with the following structure: a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group. This molecule is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the primary structure of a protein is correct?

Accepted Answer

It refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Question 5

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. What is the most likely outcome for the cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink as water leaves the cells.

Question 6

Which of the following best distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 7

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of lipids and detoxification of harmful substances in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 8

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which term best describes the tonicity of the solution relative to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A flexible layer with proteins embedded in or attached to a phospholipid bilayer.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a protein channel, without energy input

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct monomer-polymer pairing?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid - Protein

Question 13

A mutation alters the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected?

Accepted Answer

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Question 14

Which of the following cell junctions allows for the direct passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads interact with water, while hydrophobic tails avoid water.

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between active transport and passive transport across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires energy input, while passive transport does not.

Question 17

A cell with a defective lysosome would have difficulty performing which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and recycling cellular waste

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins by linking amino acids together.

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Lack of membrane-bound organelles

Question 20

A researcher observes a cell with multiple nuclei, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a large central vacuole. This cell is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A eukaryotic plant cell

Biological Molecules, Cell Structure, and Membrane Function: Study Guide for Exam 2

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