Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration $$[H^+] in a $$solution?

Accepted Answer

pH is calculated as $$pH = -\log_{10} [H^+].$$

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. Which of the following best explains the effect on enzyme activity in their cells?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity may decrease because the altered pH can denature enzymes or change their active site.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Question 4

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes have DNA in a nucleus; prokaryotes have DNA in the cytoplasm.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the molecular components of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Which process will primarily occur, and what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; water will enter the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the sodium/potassium pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP to move 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces diploid cells; meiosis produces haploid cells.

Question 9

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 10

How many chromosomes are present in a typical human somatic cell, and what type are they?

Accepted Answer

46 chromosomes, including autosomes and sex chromosomes

Question 11

Which of the following best distinguishes genotype from phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable trait.

Question 12

In Mendel's monohybrid cross, if the parental (P) generation is homozygous dominant ($$AA) $$and homozygous recessive ($$aa$$), what is the expected genotype ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

1 $$AA$$ : 2 $$Aa$$ : 1 $$aa$$

Question 13

Which of the following lists the three parts of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 14

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded; RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 15

How is DNA organized differently in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes have circular DNA in the cytoplasm; eukaryotes have linear chromosomes in a nucleus.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about transcription and translation in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 18

Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase II

Question 19

What is the function of the trp operon in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It encodes enzymes for tryptophan synthesis and is repressed when tryptophan is abundant.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

Accepted Answer

Heterochromatin is highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive; euchromatin is less condensed and active.

Question 21

Which sequence correctly lists the steps of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release

Biology College Course Study Guide: Key Concepts and Processes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards