Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Q: A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+] in $$this solution?

$$[H^+] = 1 \times 10$$^{-4}$$ \ \text{M}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between atomic mass and atomic number for an element?

Accepted Answer

Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons, while atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.

Question 2

A scientist is testing the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She gives one group of plants the fertilizer and another group only water. What is the purpose of the group that receives only water?

Accepted Answer

It is the control group, used for comparison to determine the fertilizer's effect.

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about water is TRUE and helps explain why sweating cools the human body?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules require significant energy to break, so evaporation removes heat from the body.

Question 5

Which of the following best distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 6

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+] in $$this solution?

Accepted Answer

$$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$ \ 	ext{M}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a polymer and its corresponding monomer?

Accepted Answer

Starch and glucose

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophobic tails avoid water while hydrophilic heads interact with water.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct comparison between starch and glycogen?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is more highly branched than starch.

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene encoding a cytoskeletal protein. Which cellular function is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance of cell shape and movement

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfing other prokaryotes, which became organelles like mitochondria.

Question 12

Which of the following is a property of acids in aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

They increase the concentration of $$H^+$$ ions.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct binomial name for a species, following scientific conventions?

Accepted Answer

Homo sapiens

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Buffers help maintain a stable pH by absorbing excess $$H^+ or$$ $$OH^-$$ ions.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between the cell walls of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, while eukaryotic (plant) cell walls are made of cellulose.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from living cells?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack cellular structure and must use a host's machinery to replicate.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion

Question 19

Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges.

Question 20

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells, and what theory explains its origin?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; explained by the endosymbiotic theory

Biology Exam 1 Study Guide: Foundations, Cells, and Biomolecules

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