Question 1

Which of the following best describes a hypothesis in the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

A tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments or observations

Question 2

Why is carbon uniquely suited to form the backbone of complex biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

It can form four covalent bonds, allowing for diverse and stable molecular structures

Question 3

Which of the following is the smallest unit that can be considered alive?

Accepted Answer

A cell

Question 4

When two water molecules are near each other, what type of bond forms between them?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bond

Question 5

What happens to a molecule when it is oxidized?

Accepted Answer

It loses electrons or hydrogens

Question 6

Why is a sudden drop in blood pH dangerous for the human body?

Accepted Answer

It can denature proteins, disrupting their function

Question 7

Which element must a molecule contain to be classified as organic?

Accepted Answer

Carbon

Question 8

Which process builds larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis

Question 9

Glycogen is best classified as which type of macromolecule?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 10

Which organelle is present in all cell types, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 11

A patient with a liver disorder is found to have an increased number of which organelle, responsible for breaking down waste and cellular debris?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes

Question 12

The head of a phospholipid is:

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic

Question 13

Why are unsaturated fats typically liquid at room temperature?

Accepted Answer

They contain double bonds that prevent tight packing

Question 14

A human red blood cell is placed in a 1% salt solution. What type of solution is this, and what happens to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell shrinks

Question 15

Which of the following best defines metabolism?

Accepted Answer

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Question 16

The cell membrane is described as:

Accepted Answer

Semi-permeable

Question 17

What is the relationship between transcription and translation in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Transcription produces mRNA, which is then used in translation to synthesize proteins

Question 18

When an organism performs work, such as muscle contraction, what ultimately happens to the energy used?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to heat and released into the environment

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct overall equation for glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 2\,\mathrm{NAD}^+ + 2\,\mathrm{ADP} + 2\,\mathrm{P_i} \rightarrow 2\,\mathrm{C_3H_4O_3} + 2\,\mathrm{NADH} + 2\,\mathrm{ATP} + 2\,\mathrm{H_2O}$$

Question 20

During the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, what is the main function of the electrons and hydrogens?

Accepted Answer

They create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

Question 21

Which statement about the Calvin cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It produces glucose from carbon dioxide

Question 22

You observe a cell under a microscope and see a cell plate forming. What can you conclude about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis

Question 23

What is the primary role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

To act as a catalyst and speed up the reaction

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