Q: Which of the following is a correct summary of the overall reaction for photosynthesis?

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes why carbon is central to the structure of all organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

It can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for complex and diverse molecular structures.

Question 2

A scientist observes that a certain solution has a pH of 3. What does this indicate about the solution, and what effect could this have on proteins in a human body?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic and could denature proteins by disrupting their structure.

Question 3

Which of the following reactions represents dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide, releasing $$H_2O.$$

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a 1% salt solution. What type of solution is this relative to the cell, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypertonic; the cell will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 5

Which organelle is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is essential for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the relationship between transcription and translation in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, which is then used in translation to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct summary of the overall reaction for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{light} ightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 8

A patient with a liver disorder is found to have an excess of damaged organelles in their liver cells. Which organelle is likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 9

Which of the following statements about unsaturated fats is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are usually liquid at room temperature due to the presence of double bonds.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is semi-permeable, allowing selective movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

Accepted Answer

They maintain homeostasis.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains what happens during the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogens and electrons are separated; electrons move through enzymes, creating a gradient that powers ATP synthesis.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

They have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Question 14

A cell is observed under a microscope forming a cell plate during cytokinesis. What type of cell is this, and what phase is it in?

Accepted Answer

It is a plant cell in telophase.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Organic molecules contain carbon atoms, typically bonded to hydrogen atoms.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct equation for glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 2NAD^+ + 2ADP + 2P_i ightarrow 2	ext{pyruvate} + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H_2O$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the laws of thermodynamics is correct?

Accepted Answer

The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

It breaks down large molecules into smaller ones by adding water.

Question 20

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as the storage form of glucose in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

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