Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

A central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group ($$\mathrm{NH_2$}$$), a carboxyl group ($$\mathrm{COOH}$$), and a variable R group.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. What is the most likely effect on the cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cells, causing them to shrink.

Question 3

Which level of protein structure is primarily determined by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms, resulting in alpha helices and beta sheets?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure

Question 4

Which of the following statements about phospholipids in biological membranes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, forming a bilayer.

Question 5

A scientist discovers a protein that spans the entire plasma membrane and is involved in transporting ions. This protein is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

An integral membrane protein

Question 6

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases free energy ($$\Delta G \u003c 0)$$

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function that proteins can perform in cells?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 8

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which term best describes the solution?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 9

Which of the following statements about enzyme function is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis $$\rightarrow$$ Citric Acid Cycle $$\rightarrow$$ Electron Transport Chain

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the 'energy currency' of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy that can be used to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 12

A mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure but retain its primary and secondary structures. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The protein will lose its specific function due to improper folding.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of lipids found in cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 14

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of peripheral membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

They are attached to the surface of the membrane and often play roles in signaling or maintaining cell shape.

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates enzyme regulation by feedback inhibition?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway, decreasing its activity.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the direction of water movement by osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The association of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex.

Question 19

During strenuous exercise, muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation. What is the main reason for this switch?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen becomes limited, so cells use fermentation to regenerate NAD$$^+$$ for glycolysis.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-life example of an endergonic reaction in cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of glucose during photosynthesis ($$\Delta G \u003e 0)$$

Biology Study Guide: Proteins, Lipids, Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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