Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a new organism whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which domain does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct application of the scientific method in biology?

Accepted Answer

Testing a hypothesis by designing controlled experiments.

Question 4

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions in cells?

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Question 5

During cellular respiration, which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 7

A mutation occurs in the gene encoding an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which cellular process is most likely to be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

ATP production

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why lipids are essential components of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Lipids form a hydrophobic barrier that regulates the movement of substances.

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the genetic variation observed in sexually reproducing populations?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during meiosis

Question 10

A population of bacteria is exposed to an antibiotic. Over time, some bacteria survive and reproduce. Which evolutionary mechanism is most directly responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 11

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct result of the process of meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Reduction of chromosome number by half in gametes

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

mRNA conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a real-world application of evolutionary theory?

Accepted Answer

The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Question 15

Which equation represents the net ATP yield from aerobic cellular respiration of one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 36ATP$$

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

ATP production via cellular respiration

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 19

Which process is most directly responsible for the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 20

A scientist is studying the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. She finds that increasing temperature beyond a certain point decreases the rate of reaction. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme is denatured at high temperatures, losing its functional shape.

BISC 1403 R01: General Biology I - Syllabus and Study Guide

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