Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic genome?

Accepted Answer

A prokaryotic genome is typically a single circular DNA molecule, while a eukaryotic genome consists of multiple linear chromosomes.

Question 2

If a human somatic cell is genetically normal, how many chromosomes does it contain?

Accepted Answer

$46$

Question 3

What is chromatin?

Accepted Answer

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 4

During DNA replication, what happens to the amount of DNA in a cell?

Accepted Answer

It doubles.

Question 5

Which of the following correctly completes the statement: A replicated (duplicated) chromosome consists of ____ chromosomes and ____ chromatids.

Accepted Answer

1; 2

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, while cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

Question 7

For a genetically normal human cell, if $2n = 46$, what is $n$?

Accepted Answer

$n = 23$

Question 8

If the amount of DNA in a diploid cell in G1 is represented as $2n$, how much DNA would be in the cell after S phase but before mitosis?

Accepted Answer

$4n$

Question 9

Which of the following events occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

DNA is replicated, resulting in duplicated chromosomes.

Question 10

What is the function of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

It separates sister chromatids by attaching to their centromeres and pulling them apart.

Question 11

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is primarily responsible for ensuring that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before anaphase begins?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint (spindle checkpoint)

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells can divide without the presence of growth factors?

Accepted Answer

They can produce their own growth signals or bypass the need for external growth factors.

Question 13

What is the main difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissues, while malignant tumors can invade and spread to other parts of the body.

Question 14

Which of the following best defines metastasis?

Accepted Answer

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to distant sites in the body.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of density-dependent inhibition in normal cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells stop dividing when they come into contact with neighboring cells.

Question 16

What is the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the progression of the cell cycle by activating or inactivating target proteins at specific checkpoints.

Question 17

A scientist observes that a cell continues to divide even when it is not attached to a surface. Which property is this cell lacking?

Accepted Answer

Anchorage dependence

Question 18

Which of the following statements about apoptosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the kinetochore during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

It is the region of the chromosome where the mitotic spindle attaches to pull sister chromatids apart.

Question 20

A cell is observed to have passed the G1 checkpoint and is now replicating its DNA. Which phase of the cell cycle is it in?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Cell Cycle, Chromosomes, and Cancer: Study Guide for General Biology

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