Q: Which equation represents the probability of two independent events both occurring, such as inheriting two dominant alleles?

$$P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes asexual reproduction in plants, as illustrated by the formation of stolons (runners)?

Accepted Answer

It produces genetically identical offspring through mitosis.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the number of possible gamete combinations due to independent assortment in an organism with $$n$$ pairs of chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

$$2^n$$

Question 3

A cell is observed to have condensed chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell. Which phase of mitosis is this cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 4

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that the cell has received a growth factor signal before proceeding?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint

Question 5

What is the primary advantage of asexual reproduction for organisms such as starfish and hydra?

Accepted Answer

It allows rapid population growth without the need for a mate.

Question 6

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 7

A human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?

Accepted Answer

23

Question 8

Which structure is responsible for holding sister chromatids together in a chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Centromere

Question 9

If a cell fails the G2/M checkpoint due to DNA damage, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will undergo apoptosis or repair the damage before proceeding.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a constraint on cell growth?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial inheritance

Question 11

A cancer cell is observed to have lost contact inhibition and continues to divide despite crowding. What does this indicate about its cell cycle control?

Accepted Answer

It has defective cell cycle regulation.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells.

Question 13

Which equation represents the probability of two independent events both occurring, such as inheriting two dominant alleles?

Accepted Answer

$$P(A 	ext{ and } B) = P(A) 	imes P(B)$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world example of a disease caused by nondisjunction during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the X and Y chromosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

The Y chromosome contains the SRY gene, which determines male sex.

Question 16

Which process increases genetic diversity during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between nonsister chromatids

Question 17

A plant with genotype AaBbCc is crossed with another plant of the same genotype. If each gene independently affects fur color, what is the expected frequency of offspring with the darkest fur (AABBCC)?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{64}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why PKU is a recessive disease?

Accepted Answer

One functional allele is sufficient to produce enough enzyme to prevent disease symptoms.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a modification of Mendel’s laws?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

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