Cell Structure and Function Study Guide

Q1. What are four characteristics shared by all cells?

Background

Topic: Cell Theory & Universal Cell Features

This question tests your understanding of the basic features that define all cells, regardless of type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic).

Key Terms:

• Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Genetic material (DNA or RNA)

• Ribosomes

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Recall the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

2. Think about the structures that are present in every cell, regardless of whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

3. List the four universal features that all cells must have to function and survive.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q2. Compare and contrast bacteria and eukaryotic cells. List at least 2 similarities (not from question 1) and at least 2 differences.

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

This question asks you to analyze the similarities and differences between bacteria (prokaryotes) and eukaryotic cells, focusing on features beyond the universal characteristics of all cells.

Key Terms:

• Prokaryote: Cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

• Eukaryote: Cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists).

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Think about cellular processes or structures that both bacteria and eukaryotes share, aside from the four universal features.

2. Identify at least two similarities, such as methods of energy production or cell division.

3. List at least two differences, focusing on structural or genetic organization (e.g., presence of organelles, DNA arrangement).

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Q3. For each organelle, list the major function:

• Nucleus

• Nucleolus

• Ribosome

• Smooth ER

• Rough ER

• Golgi apparatus

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplast

• Central vacuole

• Cytoskeleton

• Peroxisome

• Lysosome

• Various junctions

• Cell membrane/ cell wall

Background

Topic: Cell Structure and Organelle Function

This question tests your knowledge of the main functions of each organelle found in eukaryotic cells (and some in prokaryotes).

Key Terms:

• Organelle: Specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Go through each organelle listed and recall its primary function in the cell.

2. For each, write a brief description (one sentence) of what it does. For example, consider what the nucleus controls, what the mitochondria produce, etc.

3. Be sure to distinguish between similar organelles (e.g., smooth vs. rough ER).

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Q4. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells.

Background

Topic: Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

This question asks you to identify similarities and differences between animal and plant cells, focusing on organelles and structures unique to each type.

Key Terms:

• Plant cell: Eukaryotic cell with a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.

• Animal cell: Eukaryotic cell lacking a cell wall and chloroplasts, but containing centrioles and lysosomes.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List features that both plant and animal cells share (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane).

2. Identify structures unique to plant cells (e.g., cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole).

3. Identify structures unique to animal cells (e.g., centrioles, more prominent lysosomes).

4. Summarize the main differences in a table or list format for clarity.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!