Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

It is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, determined by the gene (DNA sequence).

Question 2

A scientist discovers a unicellular organism with no nucleus, unique membrane lipids, and a cell wall lacking peptidoglycan. To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 3

Which type of chemical bond is responsible for the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 5

A cell is observed to have a large central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why larger cells have a lower surface area to volume ratio?

Accepted Answer

Volume increases faster than surface area as cell size increases.

Question 7

Which metabolic pathway uses light as an energy source and CO$_2$ as a carbon source?

Accepted Answer

Photoautotrophy

Question 8

Gram-negative bacteria differ from Gram-positive bacteria in that Gram-negative bacteria:

Accepted Answer

Have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 10

A mutation prevents the formation of nuclear localization signals (NLS) in a protein. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein will be unable to enter the nucleus.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria evolved from engulfed aerobic bacteria.

Question 12

Which of the following macromolecules is NOT one of the four major types found in cells?

Accepted Answer

Steroids

Question 13

Which of the following statements about lysosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes digest macromolecules using hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 14

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for resisting compression and facilitating vesicle transport?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about plasmid DNA?

Accepted Answer

Plasmid DNA is a small, circular DNA molecule that can be transferred between cells.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of a protein that transports oxygen in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya have membrane-bound organelles, while Bacteria and Archaea do not.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of fimbriae and pili in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They are used for attachment to surfaces and conjugation.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between cell size and nutrient uptake?

Accepted Answer

Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio, allowing more efficient nutrient uptake.

Question 20

Which of the following is a property of nonpolar covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Atoms have no charge, such as in hydrogen and methane.

Cell Structure, Function, and Diversity: General Biology Study Notes

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