Question 1

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic cells can be much larger than prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and internal transport systems that increase efficiency.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a double membrane, its own circular DNA, and ribosomes similar to those found in bacteria. According to the endosymbiont theory, this organelle is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 3

Which of the following modifications would most likely be found in cells specialized for absorption, such as those lining the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli that increase surface area

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which of the following best describes the solution?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic to the cell.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are embedded and scattered throughout the membrane.

Question 6

A cell is placed in a solution containing 2\% solute and 98\% water, while the cell itself contains 5\% solute and 95\% water. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement

Question 9

A cell uses a sodium-glucose cotransporter to move glucose into the cell. Sodium ions move down their concentration gradient, while glucose moves against its gradient. Which statement best describes this process?

Accepted Answer

Sodium moves by passive transport, providing energy for glucose to move by active transport.

Question 10

Which of the following organelles is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins, without using ATP

Question 12

Which of the following cell junctions forms a seal that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid between animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 13

Which of the following molecules can most easily diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 14

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Receptor proteins on the cell surface bind specific molecules, triggering vesicle formation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Anchoring cells and facilitating cell communication

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between free and bound ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Free ribosomes synthesize proteins that remain in the cytoplasm, while bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for membranes, lysosomes, or export.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Providing tracks for organelle movement and forming spindle fibers during cell division

Question 20

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions in, using the sodium-potassium pump. Which equation best represents the stoichiometry of this process?

Accepted Answer

$$3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$$

Cell Structure, Function, and Membrane Transport: Study Guide

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