Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

They have double membranes and their own circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is she most likely observing?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids, and packaging them for transport?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents Gibbs free energy change ($\Delta G$) in a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$

Question 5

During cellular respiration, which stage directly produces the most ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 6

Which of the following statements about enzymes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions.

Question 7

A plant is exposed to light of a wavelength that is not absorbed by chlorophyll. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis rate will decrease.

Question 8

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and results in the net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 9

In the Calvin cycle, which phase involves the enzyme RuBisCO attaching CO$_2$ to RuBP?

Accepted Answer

Fixation

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between C4 and CAM plants?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants separate CO$_2$ fixation spatially, while CAM plants separate it temporally.

Question 11

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

ATP

Question 12

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to produce NADH during glycolysis. Which process would be directly affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE about aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Question 14

If a cell is placed in an environment with extreme pH, what is the most likely effect on its enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes will denature, losing their function.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 16

Which pathway is correctly matched with its location in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis (light reactions) — Thylakoid membrane

Question 17

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

It releases energy.

Question 18

A cell is unable to regenerate NAD$^+$ during fermentation. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis will stop due to lack of NAD$^+$.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It uses electrons from NADH and FADH$_2$ to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: Study Notes for General Biology

Study Guide - Practice Questions