Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain double membranes and their own DNA, similar to prokaryotic cells.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a cell with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids, and packaging them for transport?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents Gibbs free energy change ($\Delta G$) in a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$

Question 5

During glycolysis, which molecule is directly produced as an energy carrier?

Accepted Answer

ATP

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction.

Question 7

A plant exposed to extreme heat shows reduced photosynthetic activity. Which property of enzymes explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes can denature at extreme temperatures, losing their function.

Question 8

Which process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and completes the oxidation of glucose derivatives, generating NADH, FADH2, and ATP?

Accepted Answer

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Question 9

In the electron transport chain (ETC), what is the main function of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Accepted Answer

To drive ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration does not.

Question 11

Which phase of the Calvin cycle involves the enzyme RuBisCO attaching CO$_2$ to RuBP?

Accepted Answer

Fixation

Question 12

A mutation causes a plant to lack bundle sheath cells. Which type of photosynthesis would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

C4 photosynthesis

Question 13

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that requires an input of energy and has $\Delta G > 0$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing ATP for cellular respiration

Question 15

During fermentation, which molecule is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

NAD+

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why CAM plants are adapted to arid environments?

Accepted Answer

They fix CO$_2$ at night, reducing water loss during the day.

Question 17

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

ATP

Question 18

A cell is placed in a solution with a very low pH. What is the most likely effect on its enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity will decrease due to denaturation.

Question 19

Which of the following pathways occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 20

If a eukaryotic cell is unable to regenerate RuBP, which process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Calvin cycle

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: General Biology Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions