Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

They have double membranes and their own DNA, similar to prokaryotic cells.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a cell with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following is most likely true about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterium.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids, and packaging them for transport?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents Gibbs free energy change ($\Delta G$) in a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$

Question 5

During glycolysis, which of the following is true regarding the energy investment and payoff phases?

Accepted Answer

The energy investment phase consumes ATP, while the energy payoff phase produces ATP and NADH.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions.

Question 7

A plant is exposed to light wavelengths that are not absorbed by chlorophyll. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis will be less efficient due to poor light absorption.

Question 8

Which process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and completes the oxidation of glucose derivatives, generating NADH, FADH2, and ATP?

Accepted Answer

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Question 9

In the electron transport chain (ETC), what is the primary role of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Accepted Answer

To drive ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic respiration.

Question 11

Which phase of the Calvin cycle involves the enzyme RuBisCO attaching CO$_2$ to RuBP?

Accepted Answer

Fixation

Question 12

A mutation causes an enzyme to lose its ability to function at normal body temperature. Which property of enzymes does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity is affected by temperature, and extreme conditions can denature enzymes.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct real-world example of fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Yeast cells convert pyruvate to ethanol in the absence of oxygen.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about C4 and CAM plants?

Accepted Answer

They have adaptations to minimize photorespiration by separating carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 16

A cell is observed to have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 17

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that requires energy input.

Question 18

Which metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm and is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 19

If a cell is unable to regenerate RuBP during the Calvin cycle, which process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Fixation of CO$_2$

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct summary of the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Input: Acetyl-CoA; Output: CO$_2$, NADH, FADH$_2$, ATP

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: General Biology Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions