Question 1

Which of the following features is unique to eukaryotic cells and not found in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 2

According to the endosymbiosis theory, which evidence supports the origin of mitochondria from ancestral prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria contain double membranes and their own DNA

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

A scientist is studying a reaction in which energy is required to convert reactants into products. Which type of reaction is this, and what is the sign of $\Delta G$?

Accepted Answer

Endergonic; $\Delta G > 0$

Question 5

Which statement best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, speeding up reactions

Question 6

During glycolysis, which phase is responsible for the net production of ATP and NADH?

Accepted Answer

Energy payoff phase

Question 7

In cellular respiration, where does the citric acid cycle occur and what are its main outputs?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial matrix; CO$_2$, NADH, FADH$_2$, ATP

Question 8

Which process in cellular respiration directly uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 9

A plant is exposed to light, and ATP and NADPH are produced in the thylakoid membrane. What process is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 10

Which adaptation allows CAM plants to minimize photorespiration in arid environments?

Accepted Answer

CO$_2$ fixation occurs at night, Calvin cycle during the day

Question 11

If a cell is placed in an environment with extreme pH, what is the most likely effect on its enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes may denature, losing their function

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct summary of the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Inputs: Glucose, 2 ATP; Outputs: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 13

Which equation correctly represents Gibbs free energy change for a reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$

Question 14

A muscle cell is deprived of oxygen. Which process will allow it to continue producing ATP?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 15

Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 16

During the Calvin cycle, which enzyme is responsible for attaching CO$_2$ to RuBP?

Accepted Answer

RuBisCO

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the flow of electrons in the Z-scheme of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Electrons flow through photosystems II and I, generating ATP and NADPH

Question 18

Which metabolic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm and is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 19

A cell is observed to lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is it most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 20

Which of the following statements about energy in chemical reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is released as kinetic energy during reactions

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: Study Notes for General Biology

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