Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and double membranes, similar to prokaryotes.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a new cell type that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following is most likely true about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a prokaryotic cell, similar to bacteria or archaea.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and packaging them for export in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between potential and kinetic energy in the context of cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored in chemical bonds, while kinetic energy is released as energy during reactions.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the Gibbs free energy change for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$ \Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S $

Question 6

A patient has a genetic mutation that causes their enzymes to denature at normal body temperature. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Their metabolic reactions will slow down significantly due to loss of enzyme function.

Question 7

During glycolysis, which of the following is produced as a net output per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 8

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and completes the oxidation of glucose derivatives?

Accepted Answer

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Question 9

In the electron transport chain, what is the primary role of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Accepted Answer

To drive ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Which of the following statements about aerobic and anaerobic respiration is correct?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic respiration.

Question 11

A plant is exposed to light, but its thylakoid membranes are damaged. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the fixation of CO2 to RuBP.

Question 13

Which adaptation allows CAM plants to minimize water loss in arid environments?

Accepted Answer

They fix CO2 at night and run the Calvin cycle during the day.

Question 14

A mutation causes a plant to lack chlorophyll. Which process will be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of light energy for photosynthesis

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of organelle and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration and ATP production

Question 16

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases energy and has $ \Delta G < 0 $

Question 17

If a cell is placed in an environment with extreme pH, what is the most likely effect on its enzymes?

Accepted Answer

The enzymes may denature, losing their catalytic function.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 19

During fermentation, which molecule is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

NAD+

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants in hot, dry environments?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants spatially separate CO2 fixation from the Calvin cycle, reducing photorespiration.

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: Study Notes for General Biology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards