Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and double membranes, similar to prokaryotic cells.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following is most likely true about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterium.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins that are exported from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents Gibbs free energy change for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$ \Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S $$

Question 5

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for reactions to proceed.

Question 7

A plant is exposed to a toxin that specifically inhibits the enzyme RuBisCO. Which process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle

Question 8

Which of the following statements about aerobic and anaerobic respiration is correct?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic respiration.

Question 9

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what are the main products that are used in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH

Question 10

A patient’s cells are unable to maintain proper pH and temperature, resulting in nonfunctional enzymes. What is the most likely explanation for the loss of enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

The enzymes have denatured, losing their functional shape.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between C4 and CAM plants?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants separate CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle spatially, while CAM plants separate them temporally.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of organelle and function?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases energy and has a negative $$ \Delta G $$ value.

Question 14

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional mitochondria. Which process will be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

It occurs in the cytoplasm and produces ATP and NADH.

Question 16

A researcher measures the energy changes in a chemical reaction and finds $$ \Delta G  is $$positive. What does this indicate about the reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is endergonic and requires an input of energy.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores and releases energy by breaking and forming phosphate bonds.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the flow of electrons during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (Z-scheme)?

Accepted Answer

Electrons flow from photosystem II to photosystem I, generating ATP and NADPH.

Question 19

A muscle cell is deprived of oxygen but continues to produce ATP. Which process is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation, regenerating NAD+ and producing lactate.

Question 20

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: Study Notes for General Biology

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