Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which type of cell is being observed, and what is a key function of the chloroplast?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell; chloroplasts perform photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy.

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are exported from the cell, and where is it located?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum; located adjacent to the nucleus and studded with ribosomes.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the cell membrane is described as a 'fluid mosaic model'?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is composed of a variety of proteins embedded in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which term best describes the tonicity of the solution, and what is the net movement of water?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 6

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates active transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A cell uses ATP to pump sodium ions from a region of low concentration to high concentration.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of potential energy in a biological system?

Accepted Answer

A molecule of glucose before it is broken down in cellular respiration.

Question 8

A chemical reaction has a negative change in Gibbs free energy ($$\Delta G \u003c 0). $$Which of the following statements is true about this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is exergonic and releases energy.

Question 9

How do enzymes affect the activation energy ($$E_a) of a $$chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy, increasing the reaction rate.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to other molecules.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct overall equation for cellular respiration, and which molecule is oxidized?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy}$$; glucose is oxidized.

Question 12

During which step of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation occur in the absence of oxygen, and what is the main product?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis; pyruvate is produced.

Question 13

In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells perform fermentation. What is the main product of this process, and why is it necessary?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid; it regenerates NAD$$^+$$ needed for glycolysis.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose, while cellular respiration releases energy from glucose.

Question 15

What is the main purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis, and what are the primary products?

Accepted Answer

To convert light energy into chemical energy; ATP and NADPH are produced.

Question 16

During the Calvin cycle, what is the source of energy used to fix carbon dioxide, and what is the main product?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH from the light reactions; the main product is G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

Question 17

Why are plant leaves typically green in color?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light and reflects green light.

Question 18

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their blood cells. What is the most likely effect on the patient's red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrink (crenate).

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of molecules during passive diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without energy input.

Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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