Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material enclosed within a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are either secreted from the cell or inserted into cellular membranes, and where is it primarily located?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum; attached to the nuclear envelope and ER

Question 3

A plant cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to become turgid. Which term best describes the tonicity of the solution relative to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic because it has a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to enter the cell.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why cell membranes are described by the fluid mosaic model?

Accepted Answer

Proteins and lipids move laterally within the bilayer, and the membrane contains a variety of molecules.

Question 5

Which of the following reactions is exergonic, and what is the sign of $$\Delta G$$ for such a reaction?

Accepted Answer

Cellular respiration; $$\Delta G \u003c 0$$

Question 6

A scientist observes a reaction in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy. Which type of metabolic pathway is this, and what is its relationship to energy?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic pathway; energy is released

Question 7

How do enzymes affect the activation energy ($$E_a) of a $$chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes decrease $$E_a$$, allowing reactions to proceed faster.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular work by transferring a phosphate group to other molecules.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct overall equation for cellular respiration, and which molecule is oxidized?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy}$$; glucose is oxidized

Question 10

During which stage of cellular respiration is oxygen directly required, and what is its role?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain; oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor

Question 11

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 12

If a muscle cell is deprived of oxygen, which product will accumulate due to anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid (lactate)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose, while cellular respiration releases energy from glucose.

Question 14

What is the main purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

To convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why plant leaves appear green?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light.

Question 16

During the Calvin cycle, what is the source of energy used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the orientation of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face outward toward the aqueous environment; hydrophobic tails face inward.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key difference between plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.

Question 19

A cell is placed in a solution and shrinks due to water loss. What is the tonicity of the solution relative to the cell, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypertonic; water moves out of the cell.

Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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