Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the Golgi complex in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It packages, modifies, and sorts proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 2

Which evidence most strongly supports the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain circular DNA similar to bacterial DNA.

Question 3

A cell needs to import a large, polar molecule against its concentration gradient. Which transport mechanism will it most likely use?

Accepted Answer

Active transport using a membrane protein and ATP

Question 4

Which property of an amino acid most directly determines whether a protein region will be embedded within the hydrophobic core of a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

The hydrophobicity of the amino acid's side chain

Question 5

ATPase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP. Cysteine residues in ATPase are important because they can:

Accepted Answer

Form disulfide bridges that stabilize the enzyme's tertiary structure

Question 6

If a cell's supply of ATP is depleted, which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of sodium ions out of the cell

Question 7

Which statement best summarizes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Proteins and lipids move laterally within a flexible bilayer.

Question 8

How does the process of photosynthesis relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis locally decreases entropy in the plant, but overall increases entropy in the universe.

Question 9

A mutation causes a membrane protein to have a hydrophilic region in the middle of its transmembrane domain. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein may misfold or fail to insert properly into the membrane.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why ions cannot easily cross the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane without assistance?

Accepted Answer

Ions are hydrophilic and the membrane core is hydrophobic.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions moving into a cell coupled with glucose transport against its gradient

Question 12

A scientist observes that a certain protein is only found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and contains several hydrophobic alpha helices. This observation supports which aspect of the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria have their own internal membranes similar to those of prokaryotes.

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase?

Accepted Answer

$ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy} $

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that prevents the formation of disulfide bonds in membrane proteins. Which amino acid is most likely mutated?

Accepted Answer

Cysteine

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the movement of water across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Water moves by osmosis through aquaporin channels.

Question 16

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. What will happen to the cell, and which process is responsible?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink due to osmosis.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world example of the importance of the Golgi complex in human health?

Accepted Answer

Defects in the Golgi complex can lead to improper glycosylation of proteins, resulting in congenital disorders.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the cell membrane is described as a 'mosaic'?

Accepted Answer

It contains a variety of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates distributed throughout.

Question 19

During active transport, which of the following is true regarding the direction of solute movement and energy use?

Accepted Answer

Solutes move against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

Cell Structure, Membrane Transport, and Bioenergetics: Key Concepts in General Biology

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