Q: During nerve signaling, the sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradients. Which equation best represents the stoichiometry of this pump per cycle?

$$3 \ \mathrm{Na}^+ \ \text{out}, \ 2 \ \mathrm{K}^+ \ \text{in}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why plant cells do not burst when placed in pure water, while animal cells do?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that provides mechanical support and prevents excessive water uptake.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with the following features: a nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, and membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins and lipids for transport

Question 4

A mutation prevents the formation of tight junctions in intestinal epithelial cells. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Leakage of materials between adjacent cells, compromising the barrier function

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of peroxisomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration lower than that inside the cell. What will happen to the cell, and what is the term for this type of solution?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst; the solution is hypotonic.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selective barrier, allowing only certain substances to pass while maintaining cell stability.

Question 8

During nerve signaling, the sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradients. Which equation best represents the stoichiometry of this pump per cycle?

Accepted Answer

$$3 \ \mathrm{Na}^+ \ 	ext{out}, \ 2 \ \mathrm{K}^+ \ 	ext{in}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why hydrogen peroxide ($$\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}_2) is $$stored in brown bottles in laboratories and hospitals?

Accepted Answer

Light accelerates its decomposition into water and oxygen.

Question 10

A patient receives an intravenous (IV) solution that is not isotonic to their blood. What is the most likely cellular consequence if the solution is hypotonic?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 11

Which of the following is a key difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires ATP and moves substances against their gradient.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They digest macromolecules and recycle worn-out organelles using hydrolytic enzymes in an acidic environment.

Question 13

Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for resisting compression and is arranged in a 9+2 pattern in cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 14

A researcher is studying a protein that links the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton in animal cells. Which type of protein is most likely being studied?

Accepted Answer

Integrin

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct match between an organelle and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus – modification and sorting of proteins and lipids

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why hydrogen peroxide ($$\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}_2) is $$both useful and potentially dangerous in biological and medical contexts?

Accepted Answer

It kills bacteria but can also damage healthy cells due to oxidative effects.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Providing a rigid barrier to prevent all molecular movement

Question 18

A cell is observed to take up large particles by engulfing them with its plasma membrane, forming a vesicle. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

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