Question 1

Which of the following best describes hypertrophy at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

An increase in the size of individual cells, leading to enlargement of the affected organ.

Question 2

A bodybuilder experiences skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Which cellular process is primarily responsible for this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Increased production of cellular proteins within existing muscle cells.

Question 3

Which of the following is a physiological example of hyperplasia?

Accepted Answer

Glandular epithelial proliferation in the breast during puberty.

Question 4

A patient undergoes partial hepatectomy. The liver regenerates through which cellular adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Compensatory hyperplasia of hepatocytes.

Question 5

Which of the following is a common cause of pathological atrophy?

Accepted Answer

Loss of endocrine stimulation.

Question 6

A chronic smoker develops metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium. What is the most likely cellular change?

Accepted Answer

Replacement of columnar epithelium with squamous epithelium.

Question 7

Barrett esophagus is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Metaplasia of squamous epithelium to intestinal-like columnar cells.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about dysplasia is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Mild to moderate dysplasia may be completely reversible if the stimulus is removed.

Question 9

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of irreversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Cell death by necrosis or apoptosis.

Question 10

A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular hypertrophy. Which formula best represents the relationship between wall thickness ($$T$$), pressure ($$P$$), and radius ($$r) in $$the left ventricle according to the Law of Laplace?

Accepted Answer

$$T = P 	imes r$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why metaplasia can increase the risk of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Metaplasia replaces normal protective cells with cells less suited to the environment, making them more susceptible to genetic mutations.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Excessive protein synthesis

Question 13

A patient presents with abnormal menstrual bleeding and is found to have endometrial hyperplasia. What is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Hyper-oestrogen state

Question 14

Which adaptation is most likely to occur in the skeletal muscle of a patient who has been immobilized in a cast for several weeks?

Accepted Answer

Disuse atrophy

Question 15

Which of the following cellular adaptations is most likely to be reversible if the injurious stimulus is removed?

Accepted Answer

Dysplasia (mild to moderate)

Question 16

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by which of the following changes?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of glandular and stromal cells

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number; hypertrophy is an increase in cell size.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of metaplasia that can progress to cancer?

Accepted Answer

Barrett esophagus due to chronic acid reflux

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to be encountered in epithelial tissue and is characterized by loss of uniformity and architectural orientation?

Accepted Answer

Dysplasia

Cellular Adaptation and Variation in Growth: Mechanisms and Examples

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