Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of Gibbs free energy ($\Delta G$)?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G$ is negative for exergonic and positive for endergonic reactions.

Question 2

A scientist adds a non-competitive inhibitor to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Which of the following best describes the effect on the enzyme's activity?

Accepted Answer

The inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity.

Question 3

During cellular respiration, what is the primary role of oxygen consumed by cells?

Accepted Answer

To act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why a red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell?

Accepted Answer

Water moves into the cell because the solute concentration is higher inside the cell.

Question 5

Which process directly produces ATP during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 6

In the electron transport chain of mitochondria, what is the main function of the hydrogen ion ($\mathrm{H}^+$) gradient?

Accepted Answer

To provide energy for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct description of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

Question 8

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasm

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an end product of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

FADH$_2$

Question 10

A patient is unable to produce sufficient NADH during glycolysis. Which process would be most directly affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

The electron transport chain would receive fewer electrons, reducing ATP production.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of protein kinases in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

They attach phosphate groups to specific amino acids on target proteins.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation regenerates NAD$^+$, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

Question 13

In photosynthesis, what is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

To fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules such as glucose.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why chlorophyll appears green to the human eye?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue wavelengths.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the location of the electron transport chain in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

It is located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

Question 16

A researcher exposes a plant to only green light. What is the most likely effect on the rate of photosynthesis, and why?

Accepted Answer

The rate will decrease because green light is mostly reflected, not absorbed.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the main difference between C3 and C4 plants?

Accepted Answer

C3 plants use only the Calvin cycle, while C4 plants use an additional carbon fixation step to minimize photorespiration.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of visible light in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Visible light provides the energy to excite electrons in chlorophyll molecules.

Question 20

A mutation prevents ATP synthase from functioning in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following would be the most immediate consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell would be unable to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

Cellular Energetics, Metabolism, and Photosynthesis: Study Guide

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