Question 1

Which statement best describes the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds, while anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of an endergonic reaction in a living cell?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of protein from amino acids

Question 3

According to the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 4

A cell is considered an open system because:

Accepted Answer

It exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the change in free energy ($$\Delta G) $$for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 6

Why is ATP considered the cell’s energy shuttle?

Accepted Answer

It transfers energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions by phosphorylation.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as catalysts that speed up reactions without being consumed.

Question 8

A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme works by:

Accepted Answer

Competing with the substrate for binding at the active site.

Question 9

During cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$

Question 10

Which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

What is the main purpose of NADH and FADH$$_2 in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

To donate electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 12

Which of the following is true about substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

It generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP.

Question 13

In the citric acid cycle, what is the fate of the carbon atoms from pyruvate?

Accepted Answer

They are released as CO$$_2.$$

Question 14

Which statement best explains chemiosmosis in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

It is the use of a proton (H$$^+) $$gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Question 15

Alcohol fermentation differs from lactic acid fermentation in that alcohol fermentation:

Accepted Answer

Releases CO$$_2$$ during the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of autotrophs?

Accepted Answer

They sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of ATP in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Acting as a coenzyme in redox reactions

Question 18

A mutation causes an enzyme’s active site to change shape. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme will lose its ability to bind its substrate effectively.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme involved early in the pathway.

Question 20

If a cell’s mitochondria are damaged and cannot maintain a proton gradient, which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Cellular Metabolism, Enzymes, Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Notes

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