Question 1

A 55-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with an enlarged, yellow, greasy liver. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism of this reversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Impaired metabolism and export of lipids leading to intracellular accumulation

Question 2

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of apoptosis compared to necrosis?

Accepted Answer

Cell shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies

Question 3

A patient suffers a myocardial infarction. Which type of necrosis is most likely to be observed in the affected heart tissue?

Accepted Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the sequence of nuclear changes during necrosis?

Accepted Answer

Pyknosis → Karyorrhexis → Karyolysis

Question 5

A 40-year-old woman presents with dry gangrene of her toes. Which of the following best explains the underlying pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Ischemia without infection leading to coagulative necrosis

Question 6

Which of the following is a physiological cause of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of cells during embryogenesis

Question 7

A patient with tuberculosis develops a lung lesion with yellow-white cheesy necrotic debris. Histologically, this lesion is surrounded by epitheloid cells, lymphocytes, and Langhan's giant cells. What type of necrosis is this?

Accepted Answer

Caseous necrosis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of dystrophic calcification?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal deposition of calcium phosphate in dead or dying tissue

Question 9

Which of the following is a key event in the irreversible stage of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents

Question 10

A 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension develops sudden severe abdominal pain. Imaging reveals thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery and gangrenous necrosis of the small intestine. Which type of necrosis is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why liquefactive necrosis is commonly seen in the brain after an infarct?

Accepted Answer

The brain's tissue is rapidly digested by hydrolytic enzymes, resulting in a proteinaceous fluid

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fibrinoid necrosis?

Accepted Answer

It is associated with immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls

Question 13

A patient with acute pancreatitis develops chalky white deposits in the mesentery. Which process is responsible for this finding?

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic fat necrosis with saponification

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of BCL2 in apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

BCL2 inhibits apoptosis by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane

Question 15

A 45-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease develops metastatic calcification. Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be present?

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia due to secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why cellular swelling is considered a reversible injury?

Accepted Answer

It is caused by failure of ion pumps leading to water influx, but can be reversed if the stimulus is removed

Question 17

A 30-year-old man is exposed to cyanide. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which cyanide causes cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

Question 18

Which of the following is a common morphological change seen in both reversible and irreversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Cellular swelling

Question 19

A patient with atherosclerosis is found to have calcification in the aortic valve. Which type of calcification is this, and what is the underlying process?

Accepted Answer

Dystrophic calcification in dead or dying tissue

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events leading from hypoxia to cell death in myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Hypoxia → Decreased ATP → Failure of Na^+/K^+ pump → Cellular swelling → Membrane damage → Necrosis

Cellular Response to Injury: Mechanisms, Morphology, and Outcomes

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