Question 1

Which of the following best explains the difference in signal delivery between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system sends electrical impulses along nerve fibers for rapid, targeted responses, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream for slower, widespread effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter). Which dietary deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of iodine, resulting in reduced thyroid hormone synthesis and gland enlargement.

Question 3

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory effects?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

A person with Addison's disease is likely to experience which of the following symptoms due to hormone imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Low blood pressure, dehydration, and skin bronzing

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, stimulated by glucagon?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{10}O_5$}_n + n\ H_2O \rightarrow n\ C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They pass through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and activate gene expression by interacting with DNA.

Question 7

A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to regulate blood glucose because:

Accepted Answer

Their pancreas does not produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets.

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); raises blood calcium levels

Question 9

During a stressful emergency, which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla and what is their effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine and norepinephrine; rapid, short-term body changes for 'fight or flight' response

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the action of a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormone binds to a membrane receptor, activates a signal transduction pathway, and triggers a second messenger cascade.

Question 11

A patient with Cushing's syndrome may show which of the following symptoms due to excess adrenal cortex hormones?

Accepted Answer

Tendency toward diabetes mellitus, basic blood pH, and hypertension

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It contains hormone-secreting neurons that control the secretion of the pituitary gland.

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle, and adipose tissue cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world application of the use of iodized salt?

Accepted Answer

Preventing simple goiter by ensuring adequate iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 15

Which of the following equations represents the effect of insulin on glucose storage in the liver?

Accepted Answer

$$n\ C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow \mathrm{C_6H_{10}O_5$}_n + n\ H_2O$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Directly lowering blood calcium levels

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood; exocrine glands secrete products into ducts for delivery to specific organs.

Question 18

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of untreated hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease)?

Accepted Answer

Protruding eyes, hyperactivity, nervousness, and irritability

Chapter 27: The Control Systems – Nervous and Endocrine Systems

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