Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why lipids are hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are composed mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder that prevents the digestion of cellulose. Which of the following best explains why this patient cannot obtain energy from eating raw vegetables?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose is composed of glucose monomers connected by beta bonds, and humans lack the enzymes to hydrolyze these bonds.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate — Monosaccharide

Question 4

Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide found in animals, and where is it primarily stored?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen; stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 5

A triglyceride is formed by the combination of which molecules, and through what type of reaction?

Accepted Answer

Three fatty acids and one glycerol via a dehydration reaction $$	ext{(removal of } H_2O	ext{)}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 7

Trans fats are produced by which process, and what is a major health risk associated with their consumption?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats; increased risk of heart disease

Question 8

Which of the following is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of many fungi?

Accepted Answer

Chitin

Question 9

Phospholipids are essential for cell membrane structure because:

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11} + H_2O$

Question 11

A scientist is studying the digestion of starch and cellulose in various animals. Which enzyme would she expect to find in animals that can digest starch but not cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Question 12

Which of the following is true about cholesterol in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol is essential for brain function and is a component of myelin and synapses.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid?

Accepted Answer

Glycerol + phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between starch and cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose, but starch has alpha bonds and cellulose has beta bonds.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing chemical reactions

Question 16

Which of the following molecules is a steroid and serves as a precursor for sex hormones and vitamin D?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 17

A food scientist wants to increase the shelf life of a vegetable oil. Which chemical process should she use, and what is a potential health consequence?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogenation; formation of trans fats that increase risk of heart disease

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the atomic structure of carbon?

Accepted Answer

6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons; atomic mass number 12

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of consuming significant amounts of trans fats?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease

Chapter 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life – Carbohydrates and Lipids

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